By: Jeffrey M. Haber In today’s article, we consider a case in which, as the title indicates, timing is everything. Before we discuss the case, let’s consider the following scenario. The parties to a litigation reach a settlement in principle. They do so while a motion to dismiss the action (or a motion for summary judgment) is pending. Before the parties can execute the definitive agreement that memorializes their settlement, the court decides the motion and dismisses the a

By: Jeffrey M. Haber The doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel embody related but distinct concepts. They both stand for the general proposition that a party to a litigation should have only one bite at the apple and should not be permitted to relitigate the same issue over and over again. Under the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment on the merits of a claim precludes re-litigation of that claim by a party, and those in privity with that party. 1 This mea

When a borrower borrows money from a lender the repayment obligation is evidenced by a promissory note signed by the borrower and delivered to the lender.

By: Jeffrey M. Haber In New York, contracts are to be construed in accordance with the parties’ intent. 1 “The best evidence of what parties to a written agreement intend is what they say in their writing.” 2 Thus, a written agreement that is clear and unambiguous on its face must be enforced according to the plain meaning of its terms. 3 Extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent may be considered only if the agreement is ambiguous. 4 A contract is unambiguous if “on its f

By Jonathan H. Freiberger Defaults by a party to a real estate contract, whether a purchaser or a seller, are a fruitful source of litigation. Among other remedies available to an individual or entity aggrieved by a real estate contract default is specific performance, an issue discussed in this Blog’s article entitled: “ Specific Performance (That’s What I Want) – Would be a Terrible Song Title .” Briefly stated, because of the judicially recognized “unique” nature of real

By: Jeffrey M. Haber A forum selection clause is a contractual provision that sets forth the location designated by the parties for dispute resolution. Such clauses can be found in virtually every type of contract imaginable, e.g., employment agreements, commercial contracts, and purchase and sale agreements. Parties require forum selection clauses to reduce litigation expenses, avoid adverse laws, and mitigate the risks associated with unknown foreign judges and/or juries.

By Jeffrey M. Haber In Aybar v. Aybar , 2021 N.Y. Slip Op. 05393 (Oct. 7, 2021) ( here ), the New York Court of Appeals was asked to determine whether a foreign corporation that registers to do business in New York consents to the general jurisdiction of the State’s courts. As explained below, in a 5-2 decision, the Court held that registration under the Business Corporation Law (“BCL”) to do business in the State does not confer general jurisdiction over the corporation. Pro

By Jonathan H. Freiberger Many contracts contain provisions requiring that in the event of a default, one party must provide to the other notice of the purported default and an opportunity to cure before the valuable rights under the contract can be terminated. In general “ he purpose of a Notice to Cure is to specifically apprise the of claimed defaults in its obligations under the and of the forfeiture and termination of the if the claimed default is not cured within a

By: Jeffrey M. Haber In prior articles, we discussed the impact a disclaimer clause in a contract can have on a fraud claim. See , e,g. , here . Namely, a disclaimer clause can preclude a fraud claim when (1) the disclaimer is specific to the fact alleged to be misrepresented or omitted; and (2) the alleged misrepresentation or omission does not concern facts peculiarly within the knowledge of the non-moving party. 1 Disclaimer clauses often are worded as “no reliance” claus

By: Jeffrey M. Haber As a general matter, when a contract fails to conform to the agreement between the parties due to the mutual mistake of the parties however induced, or of the mistake of one party and fraud of the other, a court will reform the contract so as to make it conform to the actual agreement between the parties. 1 The mutual mistake must be material ( i.e. , it must involve a “fundamental assumption” of the contract). 2 However, it does not mean that the mist

By Jonathan H. Freiberger In this Blog, we frequently write about cases and developments related to mortgage foreclosure, in general, and RPAPL 1304, specifically. Indeed, in our September 24, 2021, blog < here =">here</a>"> we discussed the importance of submitting sufficient proof of compliance with RPAPL 1304 on a motion for summary judgment and hyperlinked to prior related articles. By way of brief background, and as set forth in prior articles, in general, a foreclosin

By: Jeffrey M. Haber Litigation can be a long and drawn-out process. Indeed, it is not uncommon for lawsuits to go on for years before they reach their conclusion. Sometimes during the pendency of a lawsuit, one or more of the parties dies. When that happens, the court is divested of jurisdiction to conduct proceedings in the action until a proper substitution has been made pursuant to CPLR § 1015(a). 1 Any order rendered after the death of a party and before the substituti

By: Jeffrey M. Haber Default judgments are a part of litigation. In New York, a default judgment may be entered “ hen a defendant has failed to appear, plead or proceed to trial of an action reached and called for trial, or when the court orders a dismissal for any other neglect to proceed, ….” 1 The consequences of a default can be severe. Among other things, it allows the prevailing party to enforce the judgment using all the tools available under Article 52 of the CPLR.

By Jonathan H. Freiberger This Blog frequently analyzes residential mortgage foreclosure issues. See, e.g., < here =">here</a>"> and the articles hyperlinked therein. As relates specifically to today’s article, we have frequently focused on the pre-foreclosure notice requirements of RPAPL 1304 . < here =">here</a>"> , < here =">here</a>"> , < here =">here</a>"> , < here =">here</a>"> , < here =">here</a>"> , < here =">here</a>"> . In general, and as discussed in previous

By Jonathan H. Freiberger Mortgages are commonly delivered to lenders as security for the repayment of financial obligations, which, in many cases, are evidenced by promissory notes. If borrower defaults, lender can sue on the note or foreclose the mortgage, but not both simultaneously. See RPAPL 1301 . [Eds. Note: this Blog has addressed a lender’s election of remedies < here =">here</a>"> and < here =">here</a>"> .] When real property is sold at a foreclosure sale, the

By Jonathan H. Freiberger The New York City Council promulgated rules to, inter alia , protect consumers from debt collection agencies ( see Title 20, Chapter 2, Subchapter 30 of the New York City Administrative Code (the “Code”). Indeed, the Code’s “legislative declaration” ( §20-488 ) recognizes that some debt collection agencies are “unscrupulous” and employ “abusive tactics”. The Code, at §20-489(a) , defines “debt collection agency” as: a person engaged in business th

By Jonathan H. Freiberger Last week this Blog examined WFE Ventures, Inc. v. GBD Lake Placid, LLC , decided on August 12, 2021, by the Appellate Division, Third Department, which addressed numerous construction litigation issues < here =">here</a>"> . Last week’s article focused on issues related to flood damage resulting from an underlying construction project; this week we will address other issues presented in the Court’s Memorandum and Order. Knowledge of the facts as s

By Jeffrey M. Haber When a party releases another from claims or the threat of claims, he/she is giving up the right to sue the other in connection with the subject of the release. 1 A release effectively eliminates all claims against another that are possessed by the party giving the release. It does not matter whether the releasor knew of the claims at the time that he/she gave the release, so long as “the parties so intend and the agreement is ‘fairly and knowingly made.’

By Jonathan H. Freiberger On August 12, 2021, the Appellate Division, Third Department, decided WFE Ventures, Inc. v. GBD Lake Placid, LLC , a multi-faceted construction litigation. Today’s article, however, will focus on flood damage resulting from the underlying construction project. In WFE , the defendant owner (“Owner”) built a Marriot hotel in Lake Placid. Owner hired an architectural firm (“Architect”) to obtain site plan (“Plan”) approval (“Approval”) from the applic

By Jeffrey M. Haber A confession of judgment is an agreement whereby a defendant or debtor agrees to the entry of judgment against him/her in an amount certain. It is a procedural device whereby the plaintiff or creditor can bypass the commencement of a lawsuit to obtain the amount “confessed.” Confessions of judgment are used in a variety of circumstances. For example, parties to a litigation may use a confession of judgment as part of a settlement whereby the defendant agr